Voice Change

Change in voice

Abnormal changes in the voice are called “hoarseness”
When hoarse, the voice may sound breathy, raspy, strained, or show changes in volume or pitch
Voice changes are related to disorders in the sound-producing parts (vocal folds) of the voice box (larynx)
While breathing, the vocal folds remain apart
When speaking or singing, they come together and, as air leaves the lungs, they vibrate, producing sound
Swelling or lumps on the vocal folds hinder vibration, altering voice quality, volume, and pitch

The most common cause is acute laryngitis—swelling of the vocal folds that occur during a common cold, upper respiratory tract viral infection, or from voice strain
Serious injury to the vocal folds can result from strenuous voice use during an episode of acute laryngitis

Prolonged hoarseness can occur when you use your voice too much, or too loudly for extended periods of time
These habits can lead to nodules, polyps, and cysts
Vocal nodules (singers’ nodules) are callus-like growths of the vocal folds
Vocal fold polyps and cysts also occur in those who misuse their voice, but can also occur in those who do not

If you experience a sudden loss of voice following a yell or other strenuous vocal use, you may have developed a vocal fold haemorrhage
Vocal fold haemorrhage occurs when one of the blood vessels on the surface of the vocal folds ruptures and the soft tissues fill with blood
It is considered a vocal emergency and should be treated with absolute voice rest and examination by an otolaryngologist (ear nose and throat doctor)

A possible cause of hoarseness is gastro-oesophageal reflux, when stomach acid comes up the swallowing tube (oesophagus) and irritates the vocal folds
Other typical symptoms of GORD include heartburn and regurgitation
Usually, the voice is worse in the morning and improves during the day
These people may have a sensation of a lump or mucus in their throat and have an excessive desire to clear it

If the reflux effects the back of the throat, it is called LPR rather than GORD
The structures in the throat (pharynx, larynx, and lungs) are much more sensitive to stomach acid and digestive enzymes, so smaller amounts of the reflux into this area can result in more damage
Many patients with LPR do not have heartburn or other classic symptoms of GORD

Smoking is another cause of hoarseness
Because smoking is the major cause of throat cancer, if smokers become hoarse, they should see an otolaryngologist

Hoarseness can also appear in those who have neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s or a stroke, or may be a symptom of spasmodic dysphonia, a rare neurological disorder that usually affects only the voice, but sometimes affects breathing
A paralysed vocal fold may be the cause of a weak, breathy voice
If the hoarseness persists for more than three months and other causes have been ruled out, a neurologist may be helpful for diagnosis

These include allergies, thyroid problems, trauma to the voice box, and, occasionally, menstruation
Very serious conditions such as laryngeal cancer can also cause hoarseness, which is why it is important to have chronic hoarseness evaluated promptly by an ENT specialist

Hoarseness caused by a cold or flu may be evaluated by family doctors, paediatricians, and physicians who have learned how to examine the larynx
Problems with the voice are often best managed by a team of professionals who know and understand how the voice functions
These professionals are ENT specialists, speech/language pathologists, and teachers of singing, acting, and public speaking
Vocal nodules, polyps, and cysts are typically treated with a combination of microsurgery and voice therapy

An ENT specialist will obtain a thorough history of a patient’s hoarseness and general health
They will then evaluate the voice and do a complete ear, nose, and throat exam
This includes examination of the vocal folds by laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy may be suggested by the ENT specialist at any time during an evaluation for hoarseness, but if it persists beyond three weeks it should be evaluated and that evaluation should occur within a maximum of 3 months
The evaluation should be immediate if there is concern about a serious underlying cause is suspected
Doctors usually look at the vocal folds either with a mirror placed in the back of the throat, or with a very small, lighted flexible tube (fiberoptic scope) that is passed through the nose to view the vocal folds
Videotaping or stroboscopy (slow-motion assessment) may also help with the analysis
These procedures are well tolerated by most patients
In some cases, special tests designed to evaluate the voice may be recommended
These measure voice irregularities, how the voice sounds, airflow, and other characteristics that are helpful in diagnosing and guiding treatment

The treatment of hoarseness depends on the cause
Many common causes of hoarseness can be treated simply by resting the voice or modifying how it is used
An ENT specialist may make some recommendations about voice use behaviour, refer the patient to other voice team members, and in some instances recommend surgery if a lesion, such as a polyp, is identified
Not smoking and avoiding second hand smoke is recommended to all patients
Drinking fluids and taking medications to thin out the mucus may help

Specialists in speech/language pathology (voice therapists) are trained to assist patients in behavior modification to help eliminate some voice disorders
Patients who have developed bad habits, such as smoking or overusing their voice by yelling and screaming, benefit most from this conservative approach
The speech/language pathologist may teach patients to alter their methods of speech production to improve the sound of the voice and to resolve problems, such as vocal nodules
When a patient’s problem is specifically related to singing, a singing teacher may help to improve the patients’ singing techniques

If you become hoarse frequently or notice voice change, contact your local doctor, who will arrange for you to see an ENT specialist.